Written by Shadee Elmasry
Reviewed by Rami Nsour
Qabd & Sadl in the Maliki School
Qabd, or clasping the hands in salat is mashru‘ in the Maliki school as a rukhsa in nawafil in the dominant opinion. Since the Prophet ﷺ commanded qabd, this indicates that the asl (original state) was sadl. Therefore, evidence for is not to be asked for sadl, but rather, for qabd, the hadith for which are known and are not disputed here. What should be asked is (a) what was the Prophet’s intent in the command. Namely, did he ﷺ intend obligation, recommendation, or permissibility? And (b) did he ﷺ intend this for the obligatory prayer or the recommended prayer?
According to Malik, the Prophet ﷺ intended permissibility in the long nafila prayers, not recommendation in the obligatory prayers, as the other imams concluded. His basis for this was the action of the Companions and Successors.
Qadi ‘Iyyad writes:
“Bukhari wrote a chapter on leaning with the hands in the prayer, which indicates that Bukhari did consider qabd (clasping) to be from the sunan of salat. He agrees with Awza‘i who said that the Companions used to let their arms down in the prayer. As for the saying, ‘The people were commanded to place their right hands on their left hands in the prayer,’ this was a dispensation to make matters easy for them (takhfif)because they used to perform long prayers causing the blood to descend to the tips of their fingers when they let them down, so they were told, if you lean on them (qabd), there is no fault on you.”
(Qadi ‘Iyyad, Ikmal al-Mu‘allim fi Sharh Sahih Muslim)
According to Khalil, qabd is makruh in the obligatory prayer, and the reason for this discouragement is differed upon. It may be deemed as leaning, or that people will consider it obligatory, or that it is making a show of piety.
The basis of sadl is that it was the action of the Prophet ﷺ as demonstrated by the Companions and Successors, as the following quotes show:
1 “Ibn Jurayj learned the prayer from ‘Ata, who learned it from Ibn al-Zubayr, who took it from Abu Bakr, who took it from the Prophet ﷺ.”
(Imam Ahmad)
2 “Whoever would like to see the salat of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, let him follow Ibn al-Zubayr.”
(Abu Dawud)
3 “Ibn al-Zubayr used to let his arms down in the prayer by the agreement of the imams, and likewise Ibn Jurayj, who learned it from ‘Ata.”
(‘Abd al-Razzaq, Musannaf)
4Ibn al-Mundhir narrated that Ibn al-Zubayr used to let his arms down and not place the right on the left.”
(Al-Shawkani, Nayl al-Awtar)
5 “Ibn Sirin used to lay his arms down in the prayer.”
(Ibn Abi Shayba, Musannaf)
6 ‘Abd Allah b. Yazid said, “I never saw Sa‘id b. al-Musayyab clasp his hands, right over left in the prayer. He used to let them hang down.”
(Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Fath al-Malik)
7 Ibn al-Mundhir narrated that Hasan al-Basri used to, “let his hands down and never clasp right over left.”
(Shawkani, Nayl al-Awtar)
8 Mujahid said, “If one places the right on the left, then it would be on the palm or wrist, and placed on the chest, but he disliked this, i.e. qabd.”
(Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Fath al-Malik)
‘9 ‘Abd Allah b. al-‘Izar said, “I was making tawaf with Sa‘if b. Jubayr when he saw a man praying with one hand on the other, so he went to him and separated them, then returned.”
(Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Fath al-Malik)
10 Ibn Abi Shayba, the main narrator of Imam Muslim, said, “Ibrahim al-Nakha‘i used to let his arms down in the prayer.”
(Ibn Abi Shayba, Musannaf; Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Fath al-Malik)
11 ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-San‘ani said, “I saw Ibn Jurayj praying in an izar and rida’ with his arms let down.”
(Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Fath al-Malik)
12 Imam Malik was asked about sadl and said, “I saw one who should be taken as an example, ‘Abd Allah b. al-Hasan, doing this.” This was the sone of Hasan b. ‘Ali b. Abi Talib.
(Wazzani, Al-Mi‘yar al-Jadid)
13 “Al-Baqir (father of Ja‘far al-Sadiq) used to let his arms down.”
(Shawkani, Nayl al-Awtar)
14 Layth b. Sa‘d said, “To let the arms down in the prayer is preferable to me.”
(Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Fath al-Malik)
15 Malik said about placing the right on the left: “I do not know about doing this in the obligatory prayer, but in the nafila, this is okay to help himself stay up.”
(Sahnun, Mudawwana)
16 Qadi ‘Iyyad said, “Bukhari wrote a chapter on leaning with the hands in the prayer, which indicates that Bukhari did consider qabd (clasping) to be from the sunan of salat. He agrees with Awza‘i who said that the Companions used to let their arms down in the prayer. As for the saying, ‘The people were commanded to place their right hands on their left hands in the prayer,’ this was a dispensation to make matters easy for them (takhfif)because they used to perform long prayers causing the blood to descend to the tips of their fingers when they let them down, so they were told, if you lean on them (qabd), there is no fault on you”
(Qadi ‘Iyyad, Ikmal al-Mu‘allim fi Sharh Sahih Muslim).
Arabic:
وهل يجوزُ القبضُ في النفل أو إن طَوَّلَ؟ وهل كراهته في الفرضِ للإعتماد أو خيفةَ اعتقادِ وجوبِهِ أو إظهارِ خُشوعٍ؟ تأويلات.
:١ روى الإمام أحمد قال حدثنا عبد الرزاق قال: أهل مكة يقولون
”أخذ ابنُ جريجٍ الصلاةَ من عطاءٍ وأخدها عطاءٌ من ابنِ الزبيرِ وأخذها ابنُ الزبيرِ من أبي بكر وأخذها أبوبك النبيِ صلى الله عليه وسلم.“
:٢ قال ابن عباس رضى الله عنهما
”من أَحَبَّ أن يَنْـظُرَ إلى صَلاةِ رسولِ اللهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فليَقتَدِ بابنِ الزُّبيرِ.“
تلخيص الحبير لابن حجر العسقلاني 1:542
سُنَنُ أبي داوود
٣ قال ابن قدامة
”وابنُ الزبيرِ كان يَسْدُلُ في الصلاةِ باتِّفاقِ الأئمةِ وكذالك ابنُ جريجٍ الذي أخَذَها من عَطاءٍ.“
المغني 1:334
نيل الاوطار 2,201
المصنف لعبد الرزاق 2:276
٤ قال الشوكاني
رُوِيَ عن ابنِ المُنذرِ عن ابنِ الزُّبيرِ أنَّه يُرْسِلَهُما ولايَضَعَ اليُمنى على اليُسْرى.
نيل الأوطار 2:201
٥ …أنَّ ابنَ سِيرينَ كانَ يُرْسِلُ يَدَيهِ في الصَّلاةِ
مصنف ابن أبي شيبة شيخ الإمام مسلم 1:344
٦ عن عبد الله بن يزيد قال
”ما رأيتُ سعيدَ بنَ المسَيَّبِ قابِضاً يَمينَهُ على شِمالِهِ في الصَّلاةِ. كان يُرْسِلَهُما.“
ابن عبد البر في فتح المالك لابن عبد البر 3:199
٧ روى ابن المنذر عن الحسن البصري أنه
”يرسلهما ولايضع اليمنى على اليسرى.“
نيل الأوطار 2:201
٨ قال ابن عبد البر: روى عن مجاهد أنه قال
”إن كان وَضْعُ اليمينِ على الشِّمالِ فعلى الكَفِّ أو على الرسغِ عند الصَّدرِ وكان يَكْرَهُ ذلك، أي القبض.“
ابن عبد البر في فتح المالك لابن عبد البر 3:201
٩ عن عبد الله بن العيزار قال
”كنتُ أطوفُ مَعَ سعيدِ بنِ جُبيرٍ فرأى رجلاً يصلي واضعاً إحْدى يَدَيْهِ على الأُخْرى فَذَهَبَ فَفَرَّقَ بينَهُما ثم جاء.“
ابن عبد البر في فتح المالك لابن عبد البر 3:199
١٠ روى ابن أبي شيبة
”أن إبرهيمَ النَّخَعي يُرْسِل يَدَيْهِ في الصَّلاةِ.“
مصنف ابن أبي شيبة 1:334
ابن عبد البر في فتح المالك لابن عبد البر 3:199
١١ قال عبد الرزاق الصنعاني
”رأيتُ ابنَ جُرَيْجٍ يُصلي في إزارٍ ورِداءٍ مُسْدِلا ًيَدَيْهِ.“
ابن عبد البر في فتح المالك لابن عبد البر 3:198
١٢ عن الإمام مالك أنه سُئِلَ عن السَّدلِ فقال
”رأيتُ من يُقْتَدى بفعلِهِ، عبد الله بن الحسن، يَفْعَلَهُ.“
(وهو سليلُ أهل بيت النبوة الامام القدوة عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب.)
المعيار الجديد 1:294
١٣ ونَقَلَ الشوكانيُ في نيل الاوطار
”…أنَّ الباقِرَ كان مِمن يَسْدُلُ.“
نيل الأوطار 2 :208
١٤ قال الإمام الليث بن سعد
”سَدْلُ اليدينِ في الصَّلاةِ أَحَبُّ إلَيَّ.“
ابن عبد البر في فتح المالك لابن عبد البر 3:198
١٥ جاء في المدوتة، قال ابن القاسم: قال مالك في وضع اليمنى على اليسرى في الصلاة
”لا أعرفُ ذلك في الفريضة، ولكن في النوافل لابأس بذلك، يعين به على نفسه.“
المدونة 1:79
١٦ قال القاضي عياض في شرحه لمسلم
”فقد بَوَّبَ البخاريُ باباً للاستِعانَةِ باليدِ في الصلاةِ وهذا يَدُلُّ على أن البخاريَّ لايرى أن القبضَ من سُنَنِ الصَّلاةِ وهو يتفقُّ مع قولِ الأوزاعيِ الذي قالَ أنَّ الصَّحابةَ كانوا يُرسِلون أَيْدِيَهُم في الصلاةِ وأما قولُ ”كان الناسُ يؤمَرونَ أن يَضَعوا أيمانِهِم على شمائِلِهِم في الصَّلاةِ“ فذلك من بابِ التَّخفيفِ عليهم لأنهم كانوا يُطيلونَ القِيامَ فكانَ يَنزِلُ الدَّمَ إلى رُؤسِ أصابعِهِم إذا أرسلوا فقيلَ لهم إذا اعْتَمَدُّتم فلاحَرَجَ عَليكم.
اِكمالُ المُعَلِّم: شرح صحيح مسلم للقاضي عياض